As far as shooting modes I usually shoot in Aperture Priority. That allows you to choose your aperture but the camera chooses the shutter speed. Also try to start shooting in RAW format as soon as you feel ready. That way it really reduces a lot of the settings because it bypasses them. It provides you with all the information of the photo to be post processed giving a lot more control to the end product.
Also keep in mind that some settings are just dependent on shooting situations. ISO is a great example. When there is lots of light you can turn it down low but when things get dark and you need to increase your shutter speed, you may need to shoot with a higher ISO. It is just so hard to give out a cookie cutter list of settings because there are too many factors. Subject matter, environment, lens, what your trying to accomplish, ect.